PLASU Journal of Environmental Sciences, is a bi-annual publication of the Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Plateau State University, Bokkos, Nigeria. The journal focuses on publishing high-quality research articles that provide scholars an avenue to publish their findings, innovations, and perspectives on critical environmental issues. The journal will be published in both print and online versions. The journal covers a wide range of thematic areas related to environmental sciences, including but not limited to Environmental Management, Climate Change, Urban Planning, Building Sustainability, Recreation and Tourism, Sustainable Infrastructure, Building Performance Measurement, Green Building Design, Construction Management and Technology, and other subject areas relevant to the field of Environmental Sciences.
Department of Environmental Sciences PLASU
HOUSING NEEDS ASSESSMENT: TOWARDS THE REINTERGRATION OF INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS(IDPS) IN PUSHIT DISTRICT MANGU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF PLATEAU STATE
This study examines the housing conditions, destruction patterns, and reintegration needs of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in Pushit District of Mangu Local Government Area, Plateau State. The study adopts the descriptive research design. Simple random sampling was used to administer questionnaire to 357 IDPs (mostly household heads and adults above 18 years) from seven (7) villages that were completely destroyed. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse a total of 232 valid questionnaires. The findings revealed that before displacement, most households live in self-owned compound dwellings constructed with traditional materials. Banditry attacks impacted almost every house, with most houses entirely demolished. After displacement, most IDPs lived in rented and substandard housing, with most living in bad conditions lacking basic facilities. Despite these obstacles, cultural ties, access to farmland, and the restoration of livelihoods drive most of the respondent’s strong desire to return to their ancestral communities. Their preferred assistance for reintegration includes reconstruction of destroyed homes and improved security. This study recommends that the government should engage physical planners to develop and implement a Comprehensive Reintegration Action Plan that holistically addresses housing reconstruction, security, essential services, and livelihood recovery for IDPs in Pushit District and other affected communities.
Security and Safety Livelihood Restoration
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DETERMINATION OF SEASONAL CLIMATIC ELEMENTS INFLUENCING THE PREVALENCE OF MEASLES AND MALARIA IN URBAN KATSINA, KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA
The study examines the critical climatic elements that influence the prevalence of malaria and measles in Urban Katsina. The data used for this study were from secondary sources, including climatic variables obtained from NiMet at Umar Musa Yar’adua Airport, Katsina, malaria and measles data obtained from General Hospital Katsina and Federal Medical Center (FMC) Katsina, spanning 2012 to 2022. The data were analysed using the Stepwise Regression Model (SRM) to determine the key climatic elements that affect the occurrence of measles and malaria in each season. The findings indicate that the January maximum temperature (p-value = 0.056) significantly influences measles during the cold and dry season. April humidity (p-value = 0.046) significantly influences malaria during the hot and dry Season. June and August maximum temperature, September minimum temperature, September wind speed, and rainfall significantly influence malaria during the warm and wet season, with the following values: p-value = 0.017, 0.004, 0.003, 0.003, and 0.031, respectively, and August humidity and wind speed significantly influence measles prevalence during the warm and wet season with p-values of 0.010 and 0.013, respectively. The study concludes that temperature is the most critical climatic factor influencing disease prevalence across all four seasons. The findings recommend educating the public about the climatic factors that influence malaria and measles in each season to support prevention and control.
ASSESSMENT OF LAND ADMINISTRATION ACTIVITIES BY PLATEAU GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (PLAGIS), PLATEAU STATE, NIGERIA
Effective land administration is essential for sustainable development, yet challenges within Plateau State’s PLAGIS hinder this goal. This study assesses PLAGIS’s performance amid growing urbanization and complex land management. Using a descriptive survey design, data were collected from 65 stakeholders—including PLAGIS staff, landowners, surveyors, urban planners, and policy officials—through a structured Likert-scale questionnaire. Findings reveal a partially functioning land administration system, with key processes such as land registration, titling, documentation, and dispute resolution experiencing significant constraints. Major challenges identified include political interference, bureaucratic delays, and security concerns, each recording a Challenge Index ≥ 3.0. Other issues—such as inadequate standards, unclear tenure systems, and limited public awareness—scored between 2.2 and 2.8. Less urgent but relevant concerns like weak infrastructure and scarcity of qualified personnel had indices of 1.9–2.2. Despite these obstacles, respondents expressed optimism for reforms aimed at strengthening institutional autonomy, improving funding, and expanding the use of GIS-based technologies. Priority solutions highlighted include enhancing security to reduce land disputes and prevent ownership conflicts that escalate into communal clashes (solution index 3.2), ensuring adequate funding, and safeguarding PLAGIS’s political independence (3.1 each). Additional suggestions include standard adoption, capacity building, and process simplification (2.9 each), alongside harmonizing land laws, increasing public awareness, and continuous staff training (2.8 each). The study recommends full digital transformation of land records, protection from political interference, improved staff capacity, stronger public engagement, upgraded infrastructure, and harmonized policies. A context-sensitive framework will enhance transparency, efficiency, and equitable access while supporting sustainable land governance.
ASSESSMENT OF RESIDENTIAL SATISFACTION IN PUBLIC HOUSING ESTATES IN IPONRI HOUSING ESTATE, LAGOS STATE
The study examined residents' satisfaction with public housing in Lagos, Nigeria, with view of determining residents' satisfaction level with housing units and location; assessing residents' satisfaction level with attributing factors of quality public housing; and identifying problems affecting public housing. Questionnaire survey was used to collect data within five purposively selected public housing estates in Lagos. Systematic Sampling Technique was employed to administer 100 questionnaires among household representatives. Findings on residents’ satisfaction with housing units and location shows that majority were dissatisfied with space allocation; quality of services; and infrastructural facilities. Findings on residents' satisfaction with attributing components revealed that majority of respondents were dissatisfied with most physical, social/behavioral, public facilities/functional, and timing components, while majority were satisfied with most economic and environmental components. Findings also revealed that poor structural design and maintenance policy; unstable power supply and poor parking lot; and poor drainage and sewage systems are major problems affecting public housing residents. There is need for the government of the nation to ensure affordable accommodation to citizen irrespective of their location in the country.
HYDROLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF DARAWA-GERANYA SUB-WATERESHED (DUTSIN-MA) OF ZOBE DAM BASIN, KATSINA STATE
The Darawa–Geranya sub-basin, a tributary of the Zobe Dam basin in Katsina State, has undergone notable LULCC driven by population growth, agricultural expansion, and urbanization, leading to reduced vegetation cover and increased built-up areas. This study seeks to fill the research gap by analyzing the morphometric characteristics and LULCC patterns of the sub-basin using remote sensing and GIS techniques to support effective watershed and reservoir management for environmental sustainability. The data required for this research were Drainage basin morphometric; Satellite image of the study area (1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020); and Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) DEM with a spatial resolution of 30m respectively. The software used for this research were ArcGIS 10.8 and Erdas Imagine 15. The sub-basin covered an estimated area of 126.94km2, with a texture ratio of 0.95, and ruggedness number of 50.84 respectively, indicating a susceptible topography prone to environmental degradation. Cropland, tree and riparian vegetation and built-up area covered approximately 99.1% of the entire watershed by 2021. The texture ratio of the drainage basin is 0.95, which is an indication of extremely low (Rt). Also, low circularity ratio, elongation ratio and form factor with an elongated basin shape, confirms the immerse runoff activity, which will yield to sediment deposition creating flood plains. Consequently, Darawa-Geranya sub-basin exhibits significant variations in morphometric characteristics such as shape, size, and relief ratio. The need to incorporate morphometric data into future dam design and expansion plans for optimized water resource management and further research were among the recommendations.
SYNERGIZING THE LAST PLANNER SYSTEM, VALUE STREAM MAPPING, AND JUST-IN-TIME APPROACHES TO ENHANCE CONSTRUCTION PROJECT PERFORMANCE IN PLATEAU STATE POLYTECHNIC, NIGERIA
Recurrent inefficiencies and material waste in Nigeria’s construction industry necessitate practical frameworks for improving project outcomes. This study investigates how integrating three Lean Construction tools, the Last Planner System (LPS), Value Stream Mapping (VSM), and Just-in-Time (JIT) can collectively enhance performance. Using a mixed-methods approach involving surveys, interviews, and direct observations, two pilot projects at Plateau State Polytechnic, Barkin Ladi, the Entrepreneurship Complex Phase III and the School of Environmental Studies renovation were examined. Data from 30 professionals, including architects, builders, engineers, project managers, and quantity surveyors, were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Relative Importance Index (RII). Findings showed high awareness but moderate application of Lean tools, with JIT integration (RII = 0.673) ranking highest, followed by VSM awareness (0.633) and LPS experience (0.627). Key enablers included early project approvals, timely fund disbursement, regular site meetings, and strong supervision, all of which reduced waste and improved scheduling. The study concludes that synergizing LPS, VSM, and JIT promotes planning reliability, cost efficiency, and timely delivery. It recommends that government agencies, funding bodies such as TETFund, and professional institutions like CORBON, NSE, and NIQS integrate Lean principles into their guidelines, procurement systems, and training programs. Emphasis should be placed on practical, hands-on implementation rather than theory alone. Despite its limited sample size, the study provides a credible foundation for institutionalizing Lean Construction practices in Nigeria’s built environment.
CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS OF PLASTIC WASTE MANAGEMENT IN YENAGOA METROPOLIS
Plastic waste management remains a critical environmental challenge in Yenagoa Metropolis, where rapid urbanization and increasing consumption of plastic products have intensified waste accumulation. This study examined the challenges and prospects of plastic waste management in the metropolis, highlighting factors impeding effective plastic waste disposal and management, exploring potential solutions. The study employed a descriptive survey method, collecting data through administered copies of the questionnaire to 276 households across nine communities. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings revealed that plastic waste constituted the largest portion of the waste stream, alongside organic waste. Plastic bottles and plastic bags dominate the plastic waste stream. Additionally, inadequate waste collection infrastructure and the absence of formal recycling facilities significantly hinder proper plastic waste management. Financial constraints and weak enforcement of waste management regulations further exacerbate the problem. Despite these challenges, the study identifies several opportunities for improving plastic waste management, particularly through reuse and recycling, public-private partnerships, increased community participation, and the promotion of plastic recycling initiatives to mitigate environmental impacts. Strengthening waste management policies, enhancing public awareness programs, and investing in sustainable waste disposal technologies are crucial steps toward improving plastic waste management in Yenagoa. The study recommends the establishment of a formal recycling system and government incentives for waste reduction. Addressing these issues could significantly enhance plastic waste management and contribute to a cleaner, healthier environment in Yenagoa Metropolis.
EFFECTS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF HOUSEHOLDS ON COOKING ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN KARU LGA, NASSARAWA STATE
This study examined the effects of household socio-economic characteristics on cooking energy consumption in Karu Local Government. The objectives were to profile household socio-economic characteristics, identify the primary cooking energy sources used by rural and urban households and quantify the relationship between these characteristics and household cooking energy consumption. Primary data were collected using structured questionnaires administered to households using stratified, systematic and simple random sampling. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson product-moment correlation. Findings revealed that the major sources of cooking energy among rural households were firewood, charcoal, and crop residues, and while in urban areas, the dominant sources were Gas/LPG, charcoal, and electricity. The study further established strong correlations between cooking energy consumption and selected socio-economic characteristics. In rural households, significant determinants included age (r² = 76.6%), income level (r² = 78.1%), household size (r² = 73.1%), and occupation (r² = 88.9%). In urban households, key influencing factors were age (r² = 76.2%), type of house (r² = 81.4%), and location of kitchen (r² = 87%). The study recommends increasing access to cleaner and more efficient cooking energy sources, such as Gas/LPG and electricity, particularly in rural communities. Targeted subsidization and equitable distribution programs are crucial for promoting energy transition and enhancing household welfare.
INTEGRATING LEAN CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING (BIM) FOR WASTE MINIMIZATION AND VALUE OPTIMIZATION IN PLATEAU STATE, NIGERIA
This study examines the level of awareness, experience, and integration of Lean Construction and Building Information Modelling (BIM) practices among construction professionals in Nigeria, with a focus on identifying prevailing barriers and perceived benefits. Using a dataset of forty-three (43) respondents drawn from engineers, architects, builders, and quantity surveyors, the research applied descriptive statistics and the Relative Importance Index (RII) to evaluate adoption patterns and critical challenges. The findings reveal a high awareness of BIM moderate experience with Lean Construction and low Lean - BIM integration. Engineers and architects demonstrated the highest adoption levels (RII = 0.893 and 0.84, respectively), while builders and quantity surveyors exhibited limited engagement. Major barriers to implementation include limited technical knowledge and training (RII = 0.86), high software costs (RII = 0.83), organizational resistance to change (RII = 0.81), and lack of enabling government policies (RII = 0.78). Despite these challenges, respondents who implemented either Lean or BIM reported significant project improvements, including up to 18% reduction in material waste, improved coordination, shorter delivery time, and enhanced stakeholder communication. The study concludes that while awareness of Lean - BIM concepts is strong, full integration remains hindered by institutional, financial, and capacity-related factors. It recommends structured training programs, policy frameworks, and collaborative project delivery models to foster widespread adoption.
DIGITAL SOIL MAPPING FOR SOIL DEGRADATION ASSESSMENT AND SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT IN KWARA STATE, NIGERIA
Soil degradation poses a significant threat to agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability in Kwara State, Nigeria. Traditional soil surveys with coarse-resolution analogue maps inadequately capture the spatial variability necessary for effective assessment and management. This study develops a Digital Soil Mapping (DSM) framework integrating Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing to produce high-resolution, spatially explicit soil property maps and identify degradation hotspots. Spatial and non-spatial data, including satellite imagery and field soil samples, were collected, processed, and analyzed using geospatial and statistical techniques. The results reveal substantial heterogeneity in soil texture, pH, and nutrient content, with pronounced degradation linked to erosion and nutrient depletion in intensively farmed areas. DSM demonstrated superior capability over traditional methods by accurately delineating vulnerable landscapes and informing targeted soil conservation strategies. The study highlights challenges, including data availability and technical capacity, recommending enhanced data integration, capacity building, and stakeholder engagement for sustainable land management.
ASSESSMENT OF PLASTIC WASTE MANAGEMENT IN GWAFAN ESTATE KUNYI-KATSI, JOS NORTH LGA, PLATEAU STATE
Plastic pollution is a global problem that harms habitats and disrupts natural processes, reducing ecosystems’ ability to adapt to climate change and directly affecting the livelihoods, food security, and social well-being of millions. This study aimed to assess plastic waste management in Gwafan Estate, Kunyi-Katse, Jos, Plateau State. Using a mixed-method approach, data were collected through 136 survey questionnaires, focus group discussion, and field observation from the study area. The survey data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, while thematic analysis was applied to the FGD. Results show that most respondents are male and have a higher education, including postgraduate status. Most respondents have high knowledge of plastic waste management, and majority are unaware of local laws and regulations related to plastic waste management, while residents believe plastic waste is a very serious problem. The main waste disposal method is open dumpsites, with over eighty-three (83) open dumpsites identified. Focus group discussions revealed that the government has no record of plastic waste generated and no existing policies or regulations for plastic waste management in the state, despite their existence at the national level. The study concluded that plastic waste management in Gwafan Estate remains inadequate, with significant gaps in awareness, infrastructure, and sustainable disposal methods. It was recommended that plastic waste collection centers be established through public-private partnerships (PPP) to improve collection, transportation, and proper disposal of plastic waste in the estate. Evacuation of the open dumpsites, education and awareness programs on plastic waste management were also recommended.
MODELING FUTURE URBAN GROWTH AND GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE INTEGRATION IN ILORIN METROPOLIS USING INTEGRATED CA–MARKOV AND GIS APPROACHES
Rapid urbanization in sub-saharan Africa has led to profound land use and land cover (LULC) changes, posing significant challenges for environmental sustainability and urban resilience. This study investigates historical and projected LULC dynamics in Ilorin Metropolis, Nigeria, from 1990 to 2020, with projections for 2030 and 2040, emphasizing the integration of green infrastructure (GI) in urban land use. Multi-temporal satellite imagery classified through remote sensing and GIS methods quantified LULC changes, while a hybrid Cellular Automata-Markov (CA-Markov) model simulated future scenarios incorporating GI principles. Results showed a sharp increase in built-up areas from 7.78% (1990) to 39.64% (2020), primarily encroaching on vegetation and bare lands. Vegetation declined initially but exhibited partial recovery due to reforestation and GI initiatives. The CA-Markov model's accuracy (kappa > 0.8) supports its application for planning transitions toward sustainable urban development. The findings highlight the urgent need to integrate GI elements such as urban green spaces, ecological corridors, and permeable surfaces into land use planning to mitigate environmental degradation, enhance ecosystem services, and improve urban livability in Ilorin and similar rapidly urbanizing African cities.
GIS-BASED MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION ANALYSIS FOR FLOOD RISK ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION IN URBANIZING AREAS: A CASE STUDY OF ILORIN WEST, NIGERIA
This study addresses flood vulnerability in the rapidly urbanizing Ilorin West Local Government Area, Nigeria, through a GIS-based Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) approach for flood risk assessment and mitigation. Integrating key spatial factors, including distance from river channels, rainfall intensity, elevation, slope, and land use/land cover, MCDA employs a weighted overlay technique to generate a detailed flood susceptibility map. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was utilized to assign objective weights to each criterion based on expert judgment, ensuring the robust prioritization of flood risk factors. The resulting map classifies the area into four risk categories: very high, high, moderate, and low. Findings show that 1.8% of the area, encompassing neighborhoods like Alanamu and Oloje, falls under very high flood risk, while 35.6% and 26.6% are categorized as high and moderate risk, respectively. Flood vulnerability is predominantly concentrated in low-lying riverside communities characterized by impervious surfaces and inadequate drainage. This research demonstrates the effectiveness of GIS-based MCDA as a decision-support tool for urban planners, emergency responders, and policymakers in flood risk mitigation and sustainable urban development. The study’s outcomes align with Sustainable Development Goals 11 and 13, offering a replicable framework for flood risk management in urbanizing regions across sub-Saharan Africa.
EVALUATION OF AWARENESS LEVEL OF CIRCULAR ECONOMY PRINCIPLES AMONG BUILDING CONSTRUCTION PROFESSIONALS IN PLATEAU STATE, NIGERIA
This quantitative study assesses awareness of circular economy principles among building construction professionals in Plateau State, Nigeria. It identifies key circular economy principles, determines stakeholder perceptions, evaluates critical barriers, and assesses perceived benefits. A stratified random sampling technique was used to distribute questionnaires to industry stakeholders. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and relative importance indices (RII). The results reveal a significant awareness gap, with 52.5% of professionals being only somewhat or completely unfamiliar with the term "circular economy." Among the principles, design for disassembly (RII=0.97) and material reuse were most recognised. The top perceived benefit was waste reduction to landfills (RII=0.50, Rank 1st). Conversely, the primary barriers identified were a lack of clear government policies (RII=0.49), an absence of economic incentives, and higher perceived initial costs for circular economy materials and methods. The study concludes that while the long-term cost savings and client benefits of a circular economy are acknowledged, the perception of high initial costs presents a critical contradiction. It recommends a structured intervention strategy, specifically the establishment of a Plateau State Circular Economy Roadmap. This should include binding targets for construction and demolition waste diversion, material reuse quotas, and the integration of Design for Disassembly (DfD) standards into building regulations.
PHYSICAL PLANNING TOOLS TO ENHANCE SUSTAINABLE PERI-URBAN DEVELOPMENT
This paper seeks to examine physical planning tools used to enhance and planned development of peri-urban communities of Jos metropolis through an inquiry into whether development is controlled or monitored and assessing the spatial planning tools/agencies that policymakers and planning agencies can adopt in promoting inclusive policies for sustainability in Jos metropolis. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches were adopted for data acquisition. Four peri-urban areas were selected systematically; questionnaires were randomly administered. ArcGIS10.5 software, GPS device, and camera were used for qualitative data acquisition. The findings of the study shows that development is controlled or monitored but some areas are unplanned due to the absence of a layout plan but efforts were made to serve the residents with a notice to ensure building permits and development control. Jos Metropolitan Development Board (JMDB) is the primary agency saddle with the responsibilities of controlling development and the approval of building plans but due to the cumbersome and unending nature of the process majority of the buildings are without a building plan and no approval as well as the neighbourhood development plan (layout) which is vital to improving physical planning. Based on the results obtained, conclusions were drawn that usage of spatial planning tools in the development of peri-urban areas are ineffective as spatial governance is expressed in the unplanned and chaotic nature of development. Recommendations were made to assist policy makers, practitioners and the academia, as the growth of urban areas beyond planned spatial limits into peri-urban areas with chaotic nature of development shows signs of ineffective spatial governance.
EVALUATING SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE OF BIOGAS TECHNOLOGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE ENERGY TRANSITION IN NIGERIA: CASE STUDY OF RURAL COMMUNITIES IN BENIN CITY, EDO STATE
The development of biogas technologies and their deployment in energy-deficient urban and peri-urban settlements of developing countries is essential for achieving key Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In alignment with its Energy Transition Plan targeting net-zero emissions by 2060, the Nigerian government recognizes waste-to-energy technology as a timely solution for mitigating climate change, addressing municipal solid waste (MSW) challenges, and providing energy for household and commercial use. However, biogas deployment in Nigeria remains limited, with social acceptance as a significant constraint. This study evaluated the effects of social acceptance on biogas deployment in Benin City, Nigeria. Data were collected from 420 systematically and purposively sample respondents on their perceptions of biogas technologies. Social acceptance indices included economic factors (household income and investment opportunities), technological complexity, socio-political acceptance (government support), market readiness, and cultural/religious attitudes toward feedstock such as cattle rumen and poultry droppings. Findings revealed that social media was the primary information source on waste-to-energy technologies, followed by seminars which focus on waste-to-energy. LPG was the main household cooking fuel in Benin City, followed by biomass, while electricity ranked lowest due to cost and power supply inconsistency. Fossil fuel attractiveness and availability were major factors influencing fuel choice. Awareness of waste-to-energy technologies ranged from low to moderate. Key barriers to biogas deployment included economic concerns, technological complexity, need for government support, and cultural resistance to feedstock handling. The study recommends intensified training and sensitization programs to promote biogas technologies within local contexts.
HARNESSING THE POTENTIALS OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINE FOR EFFECTIVE HEALTHCARE DELIVERY IN KOGI STATE, NIGERIA
As individuals continue to face challenges related to the cost, quality, and timeliness of healthcare services, especially across time and space, it becomes crucial for policymakers in Kogi State to enhance both the accessibility and quality of traditional healthcare services. This research utilizes data gathered through In-depth Interview, and questionnaire surveys to develop actionable policies aimed at promoting and integrating traditional medical practices within Kogi State's healthcare system. The result shows that traditional medical practices in Kogi State has a robust and diverse set of indigenous healing traditions which include herbal medicine, bone setting, spiritual healing, traditional midwifery, incantations and divination, snakebite treatment, eye treatment and therapeutic massage. The study recommends integrating traditional medicine in the State’s healthcare policy framework.
ASSESSING THE DISTRIBUTION AND PATTERNS OF TRADITIONAL MEDICAL PRACTICES IN KOGI STATE, NIGERIA
Traditional medicine constitutes an essential component of primary healthcare systems in many developing countries, providing culturally acceptable, accessible, and affordable health services. In Kogi State, Nigeria, diverse traditional medical practices including herbal medicine, bone setting, spiritual healing, and traditional birth attendance continue to play a prominent role in meeting community health needs. This study examined the distribution and patterns of traditional medical practices across Kogi State, exploring their spatial distribution, usage patterns, and socio-cultural drivers. A descriptive survey design was employed, incorporating geospatial mapping and structured questionnaires. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, while qualitative data underwent thematic analysis. The results revealed a high concentration of traditional medical practitioners in rural and peri-urban areas, with community patronage driven primarily by affordability, accessibility, and deep-rooted cultural beliefs. The study further highlighted a lack of structured collaboration between traditional and modern health systems, posing challenges for regulation and integration. These findings underscore the need for strengthened policy frameworks, public health education, and sustainable partnerships between traditional practitioners and modern healthcare providers. Such measures will enhance the safe, effective, and culturally appropriate delivery of healthcare services in Kogi State.
Urban Governance a Veritable Tool in the Management of Metropolitan Areas; Case of Jos City-Metropolis in the Developing World
This paper seeks to examine urban governance as a veritable tool in the management of urban areas by examining the characteristics of good urban governance and the role of physical planning in urban governance in Jos Metropolis, this is with a view to make recommendations for the management of cities in Nigeria. The methodological approach adopted is both quantitative and qualitative with deductive-inductive reasoning using the case study embedded mixed method design. The qualitative based evidence from 50 semi-structured face-to-face interviews with registered Town planners working in the 4 case studies (planning authorities have 2 as policy formulating and 2 implementing), and from the documents reviewed relating to urban governance and management on the case study area Jos Metropolis, Nigeria. The thematic and content analyses were used to analyse the face-to-face interviews and archive documents. The results revealed that the ‘ urban governance" means: the process of decision-making and the procedure by which decisions are implemented through formal and non-formal actors and governments’ intention to the use of the national urban development policy and the urban and regional planning law of the 1992 are veritable tools used but did not achieved control in the Urban Metropolis, hence, the haphazard and uncontrolled developments manifested in developments beyond the boundaries of the various settlements within the Jos Metropolis, Nigeria. Based on the results obtained, an outline of the roles of physical planning in ensuring governance is used as a veritable tool in the management of cities and urban areas expected to help policy makers, practitioners and the academia.
Assessment of the State of Urban & Rural Water Supply Program in Plateau State, Nigeria; Case of the Southern Region
This paper seeks to assess the state of Urban & Rural Water Supply program in the Southern Region of Plateau State, Nigeria, by examining the current level of water supply services and by the examination of the existing institutional linkages and relationships among actors and stakeholders, foster coordination and collaboration in all service delivery arrangements. This is with a view to make recommendations towards improving and enhancing access to water and transferring competencies for community-led service delivery. A mixed method approach was used to assess the status of WASH services, satisfaction level and Mapping of communities with existing water supply facilities to decide their spatial distribution and attributes. The qualitative based evidence from 6 semi-structured face-to-face interviews with ward leaders from 6 case studies (communities) and the existing documents reviewed (WASH department at LGCs within the study area). A multiple sectioned questionnaire was used in the survey and the sections include; The tool used is the UNICEF–WaterAid WASH program. The questionnaires were administered and returned representing 80% returned rate. Based on response 0.9 rate for the Cronbach’s Alpha of the data shows coefficients used to test for reliability or consistency. The results revealed that 82% of rural settlements were dispersed, with such settlements having limited access to basic amenities, improved water sources, and 62% of the communities having such access. The institutional linkages indicated that there is a weak institutional linkage to make water readily available within the zone, affecting adequacy of water supply within the zone. However, schools (57%), PHCs (69%), and public spaces (55%) all have improved water points, hence efforts need to be put in place to address the disparities in sanitation and water access to improve the quality of life generally. Based on the results obtained, recommendations were made to help the policy makers, practitioners and the academia.
HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTION (HEI) NOISE LEVEL MAPPING: THE CASE STUDY OF PLATEAU STATE UNIVERSITY BOKKOS, NIGERIA.
Noise pollution is a growing environmental problem that is hurting cities, particularly colleges, where its impact on individuals' health, well-being, and academic performance can be considerable. At Plateau State University in Bokkos, Nigeria, this study investigated the geographical distribution of noise pollution, identified the primary sources of noise, and determined the levels of noise pollution. Using geo-mapping software and a sound level metre, fifteen monitoring locations situated in the vicinity of the university were chosen on the basis of land use. One-hour intervals were taken throughout the course of a week for the purpose of taking three readings: one in the morning, one during lunch, and one in the evening. The geographical distribution of noise level in the research region was interpolated using inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation, which was performed with the ArcGIS 10.5 application. The results were considered after comparing the recommendations for noise levels established by the World Health Organisation and the National Environmental Regulatory Agency. The main sources of noise in the study area, according to the results, are students and traffic. All of the chosen locations had high noise levels, particularly the classroom sections where the decibel level was higher than the typical educational area restriction of 50 dB. Based on the findings of the study, the university should plant trees on campus, construct soundproof barriers, and reassign conflicting land uses in order to manage and mitigate noise pollution. By doing this, noise pollution would be reduced, which would lessen disruptions to campus academic activity.
EFFECTS OF FARMERS – HERDERS’ CONFLICT ON CULTURAL HERITAGE IN DONGA LGA TARABA STATE NIGERIA
Donga Local Government Area in Taraba State, Nigeria, has experienced persistent farmers-herders’ conflicts over the years, leading to significant disruptions to the region's cultural heritage. These conflicts, fuelled by competition over land, water resources and other natural resources, have resulted in loss of lives, displacement of rural communities, and destruction of cultural sites and practices. The aim of this study is to examine the impact of farmers-herders conflict on the cultural heritage of Donga LGA and explore possible solutions to mitigate these effects. The researcher: adopted a purposive and convenient sampling method and survey approach to select affected communities and gather opinions from local leaders and residents through structured questionnaires, interviews and direct observation. A questionnaire was designed and a total of 500 copies was administered to respondents, and 20 respondents were interviewed. Findings from the study revealed that the conflicts have led to the abandonment of traditional architecture, traditional festivals, rituals, and social gatherings, thereby weakening the transmission of indigenous knowledge and cultural practices. Sacred sites, ancestral landmarks, and communal meeting places have been destroyed or rendered inaccessible due to on-going violence. The displacement of communities has also interrupted the intergenerational transfer of cultural values and practices, leading to gradual cultural erosion. To address these challenges, it is recommended that the Taraba State government and local stakeholders initiate peace-building measures, strengthen conflict resolution mechanisms, and promote dialogue between farmers and herders.
OLUMO ROCK TOURIST COMPLEX: MANAGEMENT LESSONS FOR PLATEAU STATE, NIGERIA
Tourism plays a crucial role in economic diversification, cultural promotion, and infrastructural development, contributing significantly to national and regional economies. Effective tourism management can enhance visitor experiences, generate employment, and foster cultural preservation. Olumo Rock Tourist Complex in Ogun State, Nigeria, serves as a model for sustainable tourism development, demonstrating how strategic investments and policies can drive growth in the sector. This study examines the management strategies employed at Olumo Rock, focusing on infrastructural development, community engagement, marketing initiatives, and security measures, and explores how Plateau State can adopt these lessons to revitalize its tourism industry. Despite its vast tourism potential, Plateau State faces several challenges, including poor infrastructure, limited community involvement, inadequate marketing, and security concerns, all of which hinder tourism growth. By adopting best practices from Olumo Rock, Plateau State can enhance its tourism sector, attract more visitors, and boost economic activities. The study highlights the importance of government and private sector collaboration in promoting tourism, ensuring long-term sustainability. Recommendations emphasize a holistic approach to tourism management, including policy reforms, improved security frameworks, and digital marketing strategies to increase tourist arrivals and maximize economic and social benefits for local communities.
ASSESSMENT OF THE SPATIAL LOCATION OF LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS REFILL POINTS IN CHIKUN LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA: A QUEST FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY
The increasing demand for Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) as a cleaner alternative to conventional fossil fuels has led to the proliferation of refill points lacking iota of planning, consequently exposing residents of the study area to risk. This study addresses the need to balance energy accessibility with environmental safety by evaluating safety measures and risk prevention in retail facilities. Using accidental and snowball sampling techniques, data were collected via GPS devices and checklists and analyzed through frequencies and percentages. The findings reveal high compliance with access restrictions, safety protocol promotion, and the consideration of hazards and risks during planning. Strong adherence to emergency planning and response procedures was noted; however, many facilities failed to comply with requirements to build away from sensitive populations. Most facilities maintained the recommended 100-meter distance from each other, implemented perimeter fencing, and integrated safety considerations into their layouts. Clear signage indicating hazards and internal emergency plans were prevalent, and most had measures to mitigate accident consequences. While LPG refill points are essential for meeting community energy needs, their distribution and management can pose risks to environmental and public health if not properly regulated. The study recommends enhancing regulatory enforcement, increasing public education and awareness, conducting detailed Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs), providing training and capacity building, and using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to identify high-risk areas for effective safety planning and implementation.
ROLE OF WOMEN IN SUGAR CANE FARMING IN MUSHERE DISTRICT OFBOKKOS LOCAL AREA OF PLATEAU STATE, NIGERIA
Agriculture continues to play an important role in most non – industrial economies as a major contributor to individual earnings, employment and livelihood. Official statistics often underestimate the value of women’s work and their contribution to national wealth. Food and Agricultural organization estimates show women represent a substantial share of the total agricultural labor force. Thus, the focus of this study is on the role of women in sugar cane farming in Mushere District of Bokkos Local Government Area of Plateau State. A total of 100 questionnaires were administered to respondents via a systematic simple random sampling technique. The data collected were analyzed using SPSS. The result of the study was presented using descriptive statistics such as tables, percentages to show the pattern of distributions of the variables and multiple regression to show the relationship between socio – economic and demographic characteristics and the role of women in sugarcane farming in the study area. The results show that 100% of respondents own their farmland, many were educated, young and had long years of farming experience. Furthermore, the majority of the farmers used traditional seeds, and their major roles were land clearing, processing and marketing of the sugarcane. Challenges faced by the farmers were lack of machineries and inconsistency of government policies. The result of multiple regression shows a strong relationship between socio – economic and demographic characteristics and the role of women sugarcane farming. Finally, the study recommended that governments should encourage mechanized farming and stabilize agricultural policies.
IMPACT OF POPULATION GROWTH ON AGRICULTURAL LAND USE IN DERIVED SAVANNA OF SOUTHERN NIGERIA
Increase in human population has accentuated pressure on land uses. Specifically, agricultural intensification and infrastructural development have influenced major changes in land use over many decades now. This study assessed the impact of population growth on agricultural land use in a typical derived savanna of southern Nigeria. The study specifically assessed the negative impact of population growth on agricultural land use and determined the availability of farm lands in the study area. A systematic sampling technique was adopted. The study selected four hundred (400) respondents as the sample size with an additional 5% to accommodate non-response and non-return of questionnaires. Thus, 420 questionnaires were administered while 409 were returned. Out of this, fully completed 400 copies were selected for the analysis. GIS was applied in the analysis of Land use change between 1998 and 2018 for three epochs, 1998, 2008, 2018 from available data in the Ministry of Lands. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The result of the study indicated that agricultural land use decreased from 1998 to 2008 and 2018 in the order 66%<58.5%<47% respectively. While built up areas increase positively in the order 34%>42.5%>53%. This was due to excess demand for agricultural land as indicated by 77.75% response and demand for agricultural products (23.74% response). Hence, population influences land use and availability for agricultural production in the study area. The study recommended implementing a community development scheme and providing family planning facilities in Abuochiche, along with guidance on population control.
A, REVIEW OF GOVERNANCE CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES: TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE WATER SUPPLY IN INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Informal settlements in most developing countries of the world form a bulk of the urban population, these settlements are however experiencing inadequate water supply, and tend to have the worst water access scenarios. The aim of this paper is to unveil the governance challenges associated with unsustainable water supply in informal settlements, as well as the strategies that would serve as a panacea to sustainable water supply. This paper is a review paper, hence secondary data was used for data collection. Using keywords related to the research topic, relevant journal articles from databases indexed in Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science among others were downloaded and reviewed.Some of the prominent governance challenges associated with inadequate water supply are; incoherent and unclear policy statements, legal issues, duplication of functions, and lack of stakeholder’s participation in the decision-making process. These points were supported with examples from various developing countries such as; Bangladesh, Melanesia, Kampala, Nigeria, Mongolia and Ghana. Major governance strategies such as; inclusive governance and institutional reforms are paramount in addressing these governance challenges. This paper therefore recommends that a wide range of key stakeholders should participate in the design and development of water policy at all levels.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MIGRATION AND HEALTH WORKERS IN LOKOJA, KOGI STATE, NIGERIA
Migration involves the movement of people, especially whole groups from one place, country, or region to another with the intention to make permanent settlement in a new location. This paper presents results on the health workers out-migration in Lokoja Kogi State, Nigeria. The purposive sampling technique was used in the study. A set of 150 copies of well-structured questionnaires was administered to the respondents. The data was analyzed using frequencies and simple percentages. The results show that the majority of the respondents lived in high income residential areas. Respondents within the ages of 51-60 years 40(26.6%) have a significant majority of the respondents. 72% (Seventy two percent) of the respondents were married and most of them representing 89.9% were with secondary and tertiary education. The majority of the households had 5-6 household members. About 97.3% of the respondents were aware of the health workers who have migrated to other countries for better life and 100.0% had intentions to migrate. At present, most of the health workers have left Nigeria for other countries for a period of 6-10 years. The number of health workers who are not satisfied with Doctor-patient ratio 70.6% and staff motivation 60.0% was quite high. The factors highly influencing out-migration of health workers were COVID-19 outbreak with 52.0%, work incentives 46.0% and limited occupational risk at destination country with a total of 54.0%. The study recommended upward review of salaries and improved work incentives of health workers.
TVET PROGRAMS AND ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN AGRICULTURE: A TOOL FOR ENHANCING THE PRODUCTIVITY OF DISABLED RURAL FARMERS IN NIGERIA
Rural farmers in Nigeria over the years have made significant contributions to the rural economy. It is however pertinent to note that some of them are incapacitated to engage in agricultural activities as a result of disability, and this has impacted negatively on their livelihood. The aim of this paper is to unveil the numerous prospects and opportunities of TVET programs in enhancing the training and acquisition of practical skills, in the design and fabrication of assistive technologies for rural disabled farmers. More than thirty articles were downloaded from peer- reviewed journals, web search engines, and databases, using keywords related to the research topic. Findings show that physical, visual, auditory and locomotor disabilities are common among rural farmers and such disabilities are mostly caused by motor vehicle accidents, ill-health, insecurity etc. Even though these conditions can be alleviated through the use of assistive technologies, there are however barriers in capacity gaps of assistive technology workforce, lack of biomedical and rehabilitation engineers involved in the design, development, and production of assistive technologies among others. TVET formal, non-formal and informal programs provide opportunities for the training of professional biomedical and rehabilitation engineers, acquisition of practical skills to design and fabricate assistive technologies in form of tools, devices and modifications. This paper therefore, recommends that key actors of TVET programs at all levels should create the enabling environment for the design and production of assistive technologies for rural disabled farmers.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPLICATION OF COOKING ENERGY TYPES AND PREFERENCE ON RURAL AND URBAN DWELLERS IN KARU LGA OF NASARAWA STATE
Over dependence on firewood, agricultural residues and charcoal by low-income households in developing countries pose severe risks to human health, environmental sustainability and socio-economic development. Hence, this examines the socio-economic implication of cooking energy types and preference on rural and urban dwellers in Karu Local Government Area. A sample size of 400 was used for this study. Stratified, systematic and simple random sampling techniques were used in data collection. Frequency, percentages and Pearson product moment correlation analysis were used to analyse the date. The study revealed that sources of cooking energy available to households in the study area were firewood charcoal, and crop residue, for rural communities while in urban communities, it was Gas/LPG, charcoal, and electricity. The result shows a significant variation between cooking energy types used by rural and urban dwellers (F=2.285, df=0.005, P=0.026). The study concludes that firewood dominates the rural households' cooking energy preference while Gas/LPG dominates the urban households cooking energy preference. The findings underscore the critical role of socio-economic factors in determining cooking energy preferences in both rural and urban households in the study area. Stakeholders should focus on encouraging the transition to more sustainable energy solutions; this will require targeted interventions, including subsidies, infrastructure development, and educational campaigns to raise awareness about the benefits of cleaner cooking technologies.